11/20/2023 0 Comments Coconut rhinoceros beetle control![]() The origin of the coconut is unknown although the center of genetic diversity lies in Southeast Asia.Ĭlimatic conditions, soil and water managementĬoconut needs a continuous supply of water, which can be provided by regular rainfall of about 1250 mm per annum, or from ground water (at a depth of 1-3 m). Coconut palms can reach a height of 30 m (98 ft), produce up to 75 fruits a year, and live for up to 90 years. The edible endosperm is white and meaty and can be between 1.0 and 2.5 cm (0.4–1.0 in) thick. The seed is protected by a thick, stony shell, or endocarp, and is partially filled with a liquid known as coconut water. The exocarp and the mesocarp make up the husk of the coconut. ![]() It is ovoid in shape with three sides divided by ridges. The fruit is a drupe containing a single seed. The inflorescence is a spike produced at the leaf axil with 20–60 branches, each with a female flower at the base and many male flowers. The leaves are long (up to 7 m/23 ft), pinnately divided and composed of 200–250 tapering leaflets. The stem is topped with a crown of 60–70 spirally arranged leaves. The stem is smooth, light gray in color and has prominent leaf scars. The coconut palm has an erect or slightly curved stem which grows from a swollen base. OrNV Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) South Pacific Islands biological control coconut rhinoceros beetle genomic variation viral transcriptome.Ĭopyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is an erect palm in the family Arecaceae which is grown its fruits, used primarily for the extraction of coconut oil for use in cooking. These findings provide valuable resources for future studies to improve our understanding of the OrNV genetic variations in different geographic regions and their potential link to virus pathogenicity. ![]() A high number of polymorphic sites among several geographical strains of OrNV were identified, but potentially only a few of these variations in the genome are involved in functional changes and can potentially alter the typical function. We examined viral genomic and transcriptional variations in chronically infected beetles from different geographical populations. It has been suggested that the resurgence and spread of the pest are related to the presence of low-virulence isolates of OrNV or virus-tolerant haplotypes of beetles. The recent outbreak of these beetles in many South Pacific islands has had a significant impact on livelihoods in the region. IMPORTANCE Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus has been an effective biocontrol agent against the coconut rhinoceros beetle in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands for decades. Some of these genomic changes are specific to the geographic population and could be related to particular phenotypic characteristics of the strain, such as viral pathogenicity or transmissibility, and this requires further investigation. Additionally, small RNA sequencing from the SI population suggested that OrNV is targeted by the host RNA interference (RNAi) response with abundant 21-nucleotide small RNAs. Only a few genes, such as gp01, gp022, and gp107, were differentially expressed among different strains. Nonsynonymous mutations were detected in several hypothetical proteins and 15 nudivirus core genes, such as gp034, lef-8, lef-4, and vp91 We found limited evidence of variation in viral gene expression among geographic populations. We detected several polymorphic sites with a frequency higher than 35% in 892 positions of the viral genome. Maximum likelihood phylogenic analysis indicated that OrNV strains from the SI and Philippines are closely related, while OrNV strains from PNG and Fiji formed a distinct adjacent clade. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to investigate the global viral gene expression profiles and for comparative genomic analysis of structural variations. ![]() In this study, chronically infected beetles were collected from Philippines, Fiji, Papua New Guinea (PNG), and the Solomon Islands (SI). rhinoceros incursions in Oceania is thought to be related to the presence of low-virulence isolates of OrNV or virus-tolerant haplotypes of beetles. ![]() Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus which has been used as a biocontrol agent to suppress the coconut rhinoceros beetle ( Oryctes rhinoceros) in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. ![]()
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